Bash Cheat Sheet

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail
# set -x   # uncomment for debug tracing

#!/usr/bin/env bash
[[ "$(whoami)" == root ]] || { sudo "$0" "$@"; exit $?; }

print_success() {
  local lightcyan='\033[1;36m' nocolor='\033[0m'
  echo -e "${lightcyan}$1${nocolor}"
}
 
print_error() {
  local lightred='\033[1;31m' nocolor='\033[0m'
  echo -e "${lightred}$1${nocolor}"
}
 
print_alert() {
  local yellow='\033[1;33m' nocolor='\033[0m'
  echo -e "${yellow}$1${nocolor}"
}

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Source this once at the top of your script.
 
# LOG_LEVEL: DEBUG < INFO < WARN < ERROR (default INFO)
LOG_LEVEL="${LOG_LEVEL:-INFO}"
 
# Map level names to numeric weights for comparison.
declare -A _LOG_WEIGHTS=( [DEBUG]=10 [INFO]=20 [WARN]=30 [ERROR]=40 )
 
_log() {
  local level="$1"; shift
  local msg="$*"
  local want="${_LOG_WEIGHTS[$LOG_LEVEL]:-20}"
  local have="${_LOG_WEIGHTS[$level]:-20}"
  (( have < want )) && return 0
 
  # ISO-8601 UTC timestamp, level-padded, write to stderr so stdout stays for data.
  printf '%s  %-5s  %s\n' \
    "$(date -u +'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ')" "$level" "$msg" >&2
}
 
log_debug() { _log DEBUG "$@"; }
log_info()  { _log INFO  "$@"; }
log_warn()  { _log WARN  "$@"; }
log_error() { _log ERROR "$@"; }
 
# Usage
log_info  "Starting deploy to $env"
log_warn  "Soft-delete disabled on vault $vault_name"
log_error "Apply failed with exit code $rc"
LOG_LEVEL=DEBUG ./deploy.sh   # turn on verbose logging

# ...after the _LOG_WEIGHTS line, add a colour map and a guard:
declare -A _LOG_COLOURS=(
  [DEBUG]=$'\033[2;37m'   # dim grey
  [INFO]=$'\033[1;36m'    # cyan
  [WARN]=$'\033[1;33m'    # yellow
  [ERROR]=$'\033[1;31m'   # red
)
_LOG_RESET=$'\033[0m'
 
# Priority: NO_COLOR always wins; otherwise FORCE_COLOR / CLICOLOR_FORCE let you
# opt colour back in for CI log viewers that render ANSI but aren't real TTYs;
# otherwise fall back to "colour only when stderr is a terminal".
if [[ -n ${NO_COLOR:-} ]]; then
  _LOG_COLOURS=(); _LOG_RESET=''                       # https://no-color.org
elif [[ -z ${FORCE_COLOR:-} && -z ${CLICOLOR_FORCE:-} && ! -t 2 ]]; then
  _LOG_COLOURS=(); _LOG_RESET=''                       # not a TTY, not forced
fi
 
# ...then swap the printf in _log so colour spans the level AND the message
# (timestamp stays neutral), closing with the reset at the end of the line:
printf '%s  %s%-5s  %s%s\n' \
  "$(date -u +'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ')" \
  "${_LOG_COLOURS[$level]:-}" "$level" "$msg" "$_LOG_RESET" >&2

# Right - log to stderr, return JSON on stdout
get_vault_secret() {
  log_info "Fetching secret $1"
  az keyvault secret show --vault-name "$kv" --name "$1" --query value -o tsv
}
 
secret=$(get_vault_secret "db-password")   # secret captured, logs printed live

log_json() {
  local level="$1"; shift
  local msg="$*"
  # Use jq to escape values correctly - never string-concat into JSON.
  jq -cn \
    --arg ts    "$(date -u +'%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%3NZ')" \
    --arg level "$level" \
    --arg msg   "$msg" \
    --arg host  "$(hostname)" \
    --arg pid   "$$" \
    '{ts: $ts, level: $level, host: $host, pid: ($pid|tonumber), msg: $msg}' >&2
}
 
log_json INFO  "deploy started"
log_json ERROR "apply failed: $rc"

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -Eeuo pipefail
 
on_err() {
  local exit_code=$?
  log_error "command '$BASH_COMMAND' failed at line $1 (exit=$exit_code)"
  exit "$exit_code"
}
trap 'on_err $LINENO' ERR

title_case_convert() {
  sed 's/.*/\L&/; s/[a-z]*/\u&/g' <<<"$1"
}
 
upper_case_convert() {
  sed -e 's/\(.*\)/\U\1/' <<< "$1"
}
 
lower_case_convert() {
  sed -e 's/\(.*\)/\L\1/' <<< "$1"
}

#!/usr/bin/env bash
full_name="${1:-Craig Thacker}"
email_address="${2:-user@example.com}"
 
echo "Name:  $full_name"
echo "Email: $email_address"

#!/usr/bin/env bash
name=""
env="dev"
debug=false
 
while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
  case $1 in
    --name)    name="$2";  shift 2 ;;
    --env)     env="$2";   shift 2 ;;
    --debug)   debug=true; shift   ;;
    *) echo "Unknown flag: $1"; exit 1 ;;
  esac
done
 
echo "name=$name env=$env debug=$debug"

PATH=$(printf %s "$PATH" | awk -vRS=: -vORS= '!a[$0]++ {if (NR>1) printf(":"); printf("%s", $0)}')
export PATH

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail
 
START=$(pwd)
 
while IFS= read -r dir; do
  cd "$dir"
  ./my-script.sh || echo "Script not in $dir, skipping"
  cd "$START"
done < <(find . -maxdepth 1 -mindepth 1 -type d)

#!/usr/bin/env bash
set -euo pipefail
 
back=$(pwd)
provider="${1:-azurerm}"
location="${2:-.}"
sort_script="${TERRAFORM_SORT_SCRIPT:-./terraform-sort.sh}"
 
workspace=$(find "${location}" -maxdepth 1 -name "terraform-${provider}-*" -type d | sort)
 
for dir in ${workspace}; do
  cd "${dir}"
  echo "Processing: ${dir}"
  if [[ -x "$sort_script" ]]; then
    "$sort_script" --sort-variables --sort-outputs --format-terraform --generate-readme
  else
    # Fallback: fmt only when sort script not present
    terraform fmt -recursive
  fi
  cd "${back}"
done

#!/usr/bin/env bash
 
tfsort() {
  # Requires: terraform, terraform-docs, gawk
  # Usage: tfsort [--readme-header-file HEADER.md]
  local readme_header_file=""
 
  while [[ $# -gt 0 ]]; do
    case "$1" in
      --readme-header-file) readme_header_file="$2"; shift 2 ;;
      *) echo "Unknown option: $1" >&2; return 1 ;;
    esac
  done
 
  # Verify required tools
  for tool in terraform terraform-docs gawk; do
    command -v "$tool" &>/dev/null || { echo "ERROR: $tool not found in PATH" >&2; return 1; }
  done
 
  [[ -f main.tf || -f build.tf ]] \
    || { echo "ERROR: no main.tf or build.tf found - not a module root" >&2; return 1; }
 
  echo ">> terraform fmt"
  terraform fmt -recursive
 
  # Sort variable blocks
  if [[ -f variables.tf ]]; then
    echo ">> sorting variables.tf"
    _tf_sort_blocks variables.tf variable
  fi
 
  # Sort output blocks
  if [[ -f outputs.tf ]]; then
    echo ">> sorting outputs.tf"
    _tf_sort_blocks outputs.tf output
  fi
 
  # Write README header if provided, then inject terraform-docs
  if [[ -n "$readme_header_file" ]]; then
    [[ -f "$readme_header_file" ]] \
      || { echo "ERROR: header file not found: $readme_header_file" >&2; return 1; }
    cat "$readme_header_file" > README.md
    printf '\n\n<!-- BEGIN_TF_DOCS -->\n<!-- END_TF_DOCS -->\n' >> README.md
  fi
 
  if [[ -f .terraform-docs.yml ]]; then
    echo ">> terraform-docs . (using .terraform-docs.yml)"
    terraform-docs .
  else
    [[ -f README.md ]] \
      || printf '<!-- BEGIN_TF_DOCS -->\n<!-- END_TF_DOCS -->\n' > README.md
    echo ">> terraform-docs markdown table --output-mode inject"
    terraform-docs markdown table --output-file README.md --output-mode inject .
  fi
 
  echo "Done."
}
 
# Helper: sort variable or output blocks in a file using gawk brace-depth counting
_tf_sort_blocks() {
  local file="$1" keyword="$2" tmp_dir count=0
 
  tmp_dir="$(mktemp -d)"
 
  gawk -v kw="$keyword" -v tmpdir="$tmp_dir" '
  BEGIN { in_block=0; depth=0; block=""; name="" }
  !in_block && match($0, "^" kw " \"([^\"]+)\" \\{", arr) {
    name=arr[1]; in_block=1; depth=0; block=$0"\n"
    for(i=1;i<=length($0);i++){c=substr($0,i,1);if(c=="{")depth++;else if(c=="}")depth--}
    if(depth==0){sub(/\n$/,"",block);print block>(tmpdir"/"name".tf");close(tmpdir"/"name".tf");in_block=0;block="";name=""}
    next
  }
  in_block {
    block=block $0"\n"
    for(i=1;i<=length($0);i++){c=substr($0,i,1);if(c=="{")depth++;else if(c=="}")depth--}
    if(depth==0){sub(/\n$/,"",block);print block>(tmpdir"/"name".tf");close(tmpdir"/"name".tf");in_block=0;block="";name=""}
  }
  ' "$file"
 
  local output="" first=true
  while IFS= read -r -d $'\0' bf; do
    $first && output="$(cat "$bf")" && first=false \
      || output="$output"$'\n\n'"$(cat "$bf")"
    count=$((count + 1))
  done < <(find "$tmp_dir" -name '*.tf' -print0 | sort -z)
 
  rm -rf "$tmp_dir"
  [[ $count -gt 0 ]] && printf '%s\n' "$output" > "$file" \
    || echo "WARNING: no $keyword blocks found in $file"
}
 
# Append both functions to .bashrc
echo "" >> ~/.bashrc
echo "# Terraform sort helper" >> ~/.bashrc
declare -f _tf_sort_blocks >> ~/.bashrc
declare -f tfsort >> ~/.bashrc
echo "tfsort appended to ~/.bashrc"

# Linux (system-wide)
git clone https://github.com/bats-core/bats-core.git
cd bats-core
sudo ./install.sh /usr/local
 
# macOS
brew install bats-core
 
# Per-project (recommended for CI reproducibility) - vendor as git submodules
mkdir -p test/test_helper
git submodule add https://github.com/bats-core/bats-core.git           test/bats
git submodule add https://github.com/bats-core/bats-support.git        test/test_helper/bats-support
git submodule add https://github.com/bats-core/bats-assert.git         test/test_helper/bats-assert
git submodule add https://github.com/bats-core/bats-file.git           test/test_helper/bats-file

#!/usr/bin/env bats
# test/string_utils.bats
 
setup() {
  load 'test_helper/bats-support/load'
  load 'test_helper/bats-assert/load'
  load 'test_helper/bats-file/load'
 
  # Source the script under test
  PROJECT_ROOT="$(cd "$(dirname "$BATS_TEST_FILENAME")/.." && pwd)"
  source "$PROJECT_ROOT/lib/string_utils.sh"
}
 
@test "upper_case_convert: lowercase input -> uppercase" {
  run upper_case_convert "hello"
  assert_success
  assert_output "HELLO"
}
 
@test "upper_case_convert: already uppercase is unchanged" {
  run upper_case_convert "FOO"
  assert_output "FOO"
}
 
@test "title_case_convert: handles multiple words" {
  run title_case_convert "hello world"
  assert_output "Hello World"
}
 
@test "non-existent function fails cleanly" {
  run not_a_real_function
  assert_failure
}

@test "assertion examples" {
  run echo "hello world"
 
  assert_success                       # exit code 0
  assert_failure                       # non-zero exit
  assert_failure 2                     # specific exit code
 
  assert_output "hello world"          # exact match
  assert_output --partial "hello"      # substring
  assert_output --regexp '^hello.*$'   # regex
 
  refute_output "goodbye"              # negative match
  assert_line --index 0 "hello world"  # specific line in multi-line output
 
  # File assertions (from bats-file)
  assert_file_exist  /etc/hostname
  assert_file_executable ./deploy.sh
  assert_file_contains /etc/hostname "expected"
}

setup_file() {
  # Once per file - heavy setup goes here
  export FIXTURE_DIR="$(mktemp -d)"
  cp -r tests/fixtures/* "$FIXTURE_DIR"
}
 
teardown_file() {
  rm -rf "$FIXTURE_DIR"
}
 
setup() {
  # Per test - light/cheap setup
  cd "$BATS_TEST_TMPDIR"   # fresh temp dir per test, auto-cleaned
}
 
teardown() {
  # Per test - rarely needed; $BATS_TEST_TMPDIR is auto-removed
  :
}

@test "deploy.sh calls terraform apply with -auto-approve" {
  local mock_dir; mock_dir=$(mktemp -d)
 
  # Fake `terraform` that records its args and exits 0
  cat > "$mock_dir/terraform" <<'EOF'
#!/usr/bin/env bash
echo "$@" >> "$MOCK_CALLS"
EOF
  chmod +x "$mock_dir/terraform"
 
  export MOCK_CALLS="$BATS_TEST_TMPDIR/calls.log"
  : > "$MOCK_CALLS"
  PATH="$mock_dir:$PATH" run ./deploy.sh prod
 
  assert_success
  assert_file_contains "$MOCK_CALLS" "apply -auto-approve"
}

@test "deploy aborts if precheck fails" {
  source ./deploy.sh
 
  # Override the precheck function
  run_precheck() { return 1; }
  export -f run_precheck
 
  run deploy_main
  assert_failure
  assert_output --partial "precheck failed"
}

# Run a single file
./test/bats/bin/bats test/string_utils.bats
 
# Run the whole suite
./test/bats/bin/bats test/
 
# Parallel (one process per file)
./test/bats/bin/bats --jobs 4 test/
 
# JUnit output for CI
./test/bats/bin/bats --report-formatter junit -o test-results test/
 
# TAP output (default; CI runners often parse this natively)
./test/bats/bin/bats --formatter tap test/

# .github/workflows/test.yml
- uses: actions/checkout@v4
  with:
    submodules: recursive   # pull in bats + helpers
- name: Run bats tests
  run: ./test/bats/bin/bats --report-formatter junit -o test-results test/
- uses: dorny/test-reporter@v1
  if: always()
  with:
    name: bats
    path: test-results/*.xml
    reporter: java-junit

mkdir -p coverage
kcov --include-pattern=lib/ coverage ./test/bats/bin/bats test/
# coverage/index.html now has the report

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Ensure a service is always running; restart if it exits
 
SERVICE_PID_FILE="/var/run/my-service.pid"
SERVICE_CMD="python3 /opt/service/main.py"
LOG_FILE="/var/log/my-service.log"
 
check_and_restart() {
  if [[ -f "$SERVICE_PID_FILE" ]]; then
    local pid=$(cat "$SERVICE_PID_FILE")
    if ! kill -0 "$pid" 2>/dev/null; then
      echo "Process $pid is dead, restarting..." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
      rm -f "$SERVICE_PID_FILE"
      start_service
    fi
  else
    start_service
  fi
}
 
start_service() {
  echo "Starting service..." | tee -a "$LOG_FILE"
  $SERVICE_CMD >> "$LOG_FILE" 2>&1 &
  echo $! > "$SERVICE_PID_FILE"
}
 
# Run every 30 seconds
while true; do
  check_and_restart
  sleep 30
done

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Check if a service is healthy; retry with exponential backoff
 
health_check() {
  local endpoint="$1"
  local max_retries=5
  local retry=0
  local backoff=1
 
  while (( retry < max_retries )); do
    if curl -sf --max-time 5 "$endpoint" > /dev/null; then
      echo "✓ Health check passed"
      return 0
    fi
        
    echo "⚠ Health check failed (attempt $((retry + 1))/$max_retries), retrying in ${backoff}s..."
    sleep "$backoff"
    backoff=$((backoff * 2))  # exponential backoff
    ((retry++))
  done
    
  echo "✗ Health check failed after $max_retries attempts"
  return 1
}
 
# Usage
health_check "http://localhost:8080/health" || exit 1

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Block until a service is listening on a port
 
wait_for_port() {
  local host="$1"
  local port="$2"
  local timeout="${3:-30}"
  local elapsed=0
    
  echo "Waiting for $host:$port..."
    
  while (( elapsed < timeout )); do
    if nc -z "$host" "$port" 2>/dev/null; then
      echo "✓ $host:$port is ready"
      return 0
    fi
        
    echo "  Not ready yet, retrying... (${elapsed}s/$timeout)"
    sleep 2
    elapsed=$((elapsed + 2))
  done
    
  echo "✗ Timeout waiting for $host:$port"
  return 1
}
 
# Usage
wait_for_port localhost 5432  # PostgreSQL
wait_for_port redis-server 6379  # Redis

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Service discovery - resolve a hostname to IPs
 
get_service_ips() {
  local service_name="$1"
    
  # Use getent to query DNS (more portable than nslookup)
  getent hosts "$service_name" | awk '{print $1}' | sort -u
}
 
# Load balance across resolved IPs
load_balance_to_service() {
  local service="$1"
  local ips=($(get_service_ips "$service"))
    
  if (( ${#ips[@]} == 0 )); then
    echo "Error: No IPs found for $service"
    return 1
  fi
    
  # Simple round-robin
  local idx=$((RANDOM % ${#ips[@]}))
  echo "${ips[$idx]}"
}
 
# Usage
SELECTED_IP=$(load_balance_to_service "api-service")
curl "http://$SELECTED_IP:8080/health"

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Authenticate using managed identity (no secrets in code)
 
# Azure CLI automatically uses managed identity in Azure VMs, AKS pods, etc.
# Explicitly enable with:
az login --identity
 
# Run commands
az vm list-ip-addresses --subscription "my-subscription"
az keyvault secret show --vault-name "my-vault" --name "database-password" --query value -o tsv
 
# Retry pattern for transient failures
retry_az() {
  local cmd=("$@")
  local max_retries=3
  local retry=0
    
  while (( retry < max_retries )); do
    if "${cmd[@]}"; then
      return 0
    fi
        
    echo "Command failed, retrying... ($((retry + 1))/$max_retries)"
    sleep $((2 ** retry))  # exponential backoff
    ((retry++))
  done
    
  echo "Command failed after $max_retries attempts"
  return 1
}
 
# Usage
retry_az az deployment group create \
  --resource-group "my-rg" \
  --template-file "template.json" \
  --parameters "environment=prod"

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Apply operations to multiple resources
 
apply_to_resources() {
  local resource_group="$1"
  local resource_type="$2"
  shift 2
  local update_args=("$@")   # e.g. --set tags.env=prod
 
  # List all resources of the given type, NUL-safe.
  while IFS= read -r resource; do
    [[ -z "$resource" ]] && continue
    echo "Updating $resource..."
    # Use the generic `az resource update`, which works for any resource type.
    az resource update \
      --resource-group "$resource_group" \
      --resource-type "$resource_type" \
      --name "$resource" \
      "${update_args[@]}"
  done < <(az resource list \
    --resource-group "$resource_group" \
    --resource-type "$resource_type" \
    --query "[].name" -o tsv)
}
 
# Usage: apply_to_resources "my-rg" "Microsoft.Storage/storageAccounts" --set tags.env=prod

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Forward a pod's port; clean up on exit
 
port_forward_pod() {
  local pod="$1"
  local local_port="$2"
  local remote_port="${3:-$local_port}"
  local namespace="${4:-default}"
    
  local pf_pid
    
  # Trap to clean up on exit
  cleanup() {
    echo "Killing port-forward (PID: $pf_pid)"
    kill "$pf_pid" 2>/dev/null || true
  }
  trap cleanup EXIT INT TERM
    
  echo "Port-forwarding: localhost:$local_port -> $pod:$remote_port"
  kubectl port-forward -n "$namespace" "pod/$pod" "$local_port:$remote_port" &
  pf_pid=$!
    
  wait "$pf_pid"
}
 
# Usage
port_forward_pod "api-server-abc123" 8080 8080 "production"

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Block until a deployment has all replicas ready
 
wait_for_deployment() {
  local deployment="$1"
  local namespace="${2:-default}"
  local timeout="${3:-300}"
  local elapsed=0
    
  echo "Waiting for deployment/$deployment to be ready..."
    
  while (( elapsed < timeout )); do
    local ready=$(kubectl get deployment "$deployment" -n "$namespace" \
      -o jsonpath='{.status.conditions[?(@.type=="Available")].status}')
        
    if [[ "$ready" == "True" ]]; then
      echo "✓ Deployment ready"
      return 0
    fi
        
    echo "  Waiting... (${elapsed}s/$timeout)"
    sleep 5
    elapsed=$((elapsed + 5))
  done
    
  echo "✗ Deployment did not become ready within $timeout seconds"
  kubectl describe deployment "$deployment" -n "$namespace"
  return 1
}
 
# Usage
wait_for_deployment "api-service" "production" 300

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Deploy to inactive slot, verify health, then swap
 
blue_green_deploy() {
  local app_name="$1"
  local resource_group="$2"
  local new_version="$3"
  local health_endpoint="$4"
 
  # Pattern: always deploy to the "staging" slot, verify it, then swap into production.
  local staging_slot="staging"
 
  echo "Deploying $new_version to the $staging_slot slot of $app_name..."
 
  # Create the staging slot if it does not already exist (idempotent).
  az webapp deployment slot create \
    --name "$app_name" --resource-group "$resource_group" \
    --slot "$staging_slot" --configuration-source "$app_name" 2>/dev/null || true
 
  # Point the staging slot at the new container image (adjust for your deploy method).
  az webapp config container set \
    --name "$app_name" --resource-group "$resource_group" --slot "$staging_slot" \
    --container-image-name "myregistry.azurecr.io/api:$new_version"
 
  # Health check the staging slot before swapping.
  local staging_url="https://${app_name}-${staging_slot}.azurewebsites.net${health_endpoint}"
  if ! curl -sf --max-time 10 "$staging_url" > /dev/null; then
    echo "✗ Health check failed on $staging_slot, aborting swap"
    return 1
  fi
 
  echo "✓ Health check passed, swapping $staging_slot into production..."
  az webapp deployment slot swap \
    --name "$app_name" --resource-group "$resource_group" \
    --slot "$staging_slot" --target-slot production
 
  echo "✓ Deployment complete"
}
 
# Usage
blue_green_deploy "my-api-app" "my-rg" "v2.1.0" "/health"

#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Rollback to previous version if current deployment fails
 
rollback_deployment() {
  local deployment="$1"
  local namespace="${2:-default}"
  local health_check_cmd="$3"
    
  echo "Checking current deployment health..."
    
  if ! eval "$health_check_cmd"; then
    echo "✗ Health check failed, rolling back..."
        
    # Rollback: set replicas to 0 for current version, restore previous
    kubectl rollout undo "deployment/$deployment" -n "$namespace"
        
    echo "Waiting for rollback to complete..."
    kubectl rollout status "deployment/$deployment" -n "$namespace"
        
    echo "✓ Rolled back to previous version"
    return 0
  fi
    
  echo "✓ Deployment healthy, no rollback needed"
  return 0
}
 
# Usage
rollback_deployment "api-service" "prod" \
  "curl -sf http://api-service:8080/health > /dev/null"

# Upgrade all outdated pip packages (Linux)
pip3 list -o | awk 'NR>2 {print $1}' | xargs -n1 pip3 install -U
 
# Find all files modified in the last 24 hours
find . -mtime -1 -type f
 
# Count lines in all .tf files
find . -name "*.tf" | xargs wc -l
 
# Recursively replace a string in all files
grep -rl 'old-string' . | xargs sed -i 's/old-string/new-string/g'
 
# Show disk usage, sorted by size
du -sh */ | sort -rh | head -20
 
# Watch a command every 2 seconds
watch -n2 'kubectl get pods'
 
# Watch a file for content changes by hash, polling every 5s
h=""; while sleep 5; do n=$(sha256sum /path/to/file | cut -d' ' -f1); t=$(date '+%F %T'); [[ "$n" == "$h" ]] && echo "[$t] Content unchanged ($n)" || { echo "[$t] Content changed! ($n)"; h="$n"; }; done